In this tutorial, we’ll explore an essential concept in wireless networking known as “chains” and clarify how they relate to technologies like SISO (Single Input, Single Output) and MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output). Additionally, we’ll touch upon key topics like SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO and discuss how they impact wireless performance. By the end of this guide, you’ll understand how chains function in MikroTik routers, and how to interpret and use the MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) index to achieve optimal data rates on your devices.

1. What is a “Chain” in Wireless Networking?

In wireless networking, a “chain” refers to a signal path or channel through which data can be transmitted or received. When you look at a MikroTik router’s WLAN settings, you’ll often see designations like “Chain 0” and “Chain 1.” These chains represent the transmit (TX) and receive (RX) paths for data. Each chain can connect to an antenna, whether external or built-in, allowing data to be transmitted or received more efficiently.

For instance, in a MikroTik router with dual chains (Chain 0 and Chain 1), each chain connects to an antenna that can handle both transmitting and receiving data. If the router has two antennas, data can be sent and received simultaneously on both chains, which increases throughput. Chains, therefore, enable the router to leverage multiple antennas to achieve higher speeds and greater data stability, especially over longer distances.

To see chains in action on a MikroTik router, navigate to the WLAN interface. Here, you’ll find options for enabling Chain 0 or Chain 1, and you may also see options for configuring these chains specifically for transmit-only or receive-only functions. Generally, leaving both chains enabled for transmitting and receiving is ideal for maximizing bandwidth and stability.

2. Single Input, Single Output (SISO) vs. Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO)

What is SISO?

SISO, or Single Input, Single Output, is a technology where only one antenna is used for transmission, and one antenna is used for reception. This setup is simpler and was commonly used in older wireless systems, such as certain radio networks, point-to-point connections, and even satellite communication systems. In SISO, data is transmitted and received one signal at a time, which limits the achievable data rate.

Because SISO operates in half-duplex mode, each device must wait its turn to transmit or receive data. For example, in a point-to-point setup, one antenna transmits, and another receives, and they alternate their roles to allow communication. However, this alternating process reduces the potential data rate, making SISO less efficient for high-speed networks.

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